Is Raising Interest Rates Really an Inflation Control Measure? Understanding the Paradox Between Financial Institutions and the Real Economy

When central banks raise interest rates, the official explanation is typically that this is an inflation control measure. However, in practice, rising interest rates do not always curb inflation. Instead, they often serve to stabilize the earnings of financial institutions. This article examines the theory versus the reality of interest rate hikes and explores their effects on the real economy.


1. The Official Explanation for Raising Interest Rates

Central banks justify raising interest rates with the following logic:

  • Higher interest rates → higher borrowing costs → reduced consumption and investment
  • Slowing down an overheating economy → controlling price increases
  • In theory, this functions as an inflation control measure

While this makes sense in textbooks and on paper, real markets often do not behave in this idealized way.


2. The Reality: Earnings Stabilization for Financial Institutions

In reality, rising interest rates create a favorable structure for financial institutions:

  • Purchasing high-interest government bonds → ensures stable returns
  • Expanding interest spreads → stabilizes banks’ earnings
  • As a result, banks are more likely to earn revenue from government bonds or short-term financial instruments rather than from lending or investment

Thus, rising interest rates strengthen a structure that prioritizes the safe and stable earnings of financial institutions over the real economy.


3. Deflationary Sentiment and Pressure on the Real Economy

Higher interest rates can also generate unintended negative effects:

  1. Increased debt burden → pressure on SMEs and low-income households
  2. Reduced investment → slower growth in the real economy
  3. Suppressed consumption → deflationary sentiment

While the official narrative is “inflation control,” the burden on economic activity often appears first, leading to higher living costs and increased rent burdens.


4. “Inflation Control” Is Often Just Rhetoric

To summarize:

  • Officially, raising interest rates is an inflation control measure
  • In reality, it functions as a means for financial institutions to secure safe and stable earnings
  • Its actual impact on the economy often does not align with theory, causing deflationary sentiment and increased living costs

In other words, the term “inflation control measure” is often a convenient explanation that justifies the side effects of monetary policy.


5. The Dilemma of Monetary Policy

  • Interest rate hikes → theoretically control inflation
  • Reality → stabilizes financial institutions’ earnings while burdening the real economy
  • Outcome → deflationary sentiment, rising living costs, and suppressed investment

Monetary policy alone cannot fully address the economy. Only by coordinating with self-sufficiency structures, tax policy, housing policy, social security, and societal psychology can a balance with the real economy be achieved.


6. Rising Interest Rates and the Real Estate Market: Impact on Rent

It is well known that higher interest rates increase mortgage and real estate investment loan repayments. However, the impact goes beyond mere “increased debt.” It triggers chain effects throughout the real estate market.

6-1. Borrowing Investors Pass Costs onto Rent

Many property owners and investors purchase real estate with loans. When interest rates are high:

  • Loan repayment burden ↑
  • Rental income must cover costs
  • Industry norm: pass interest costs onto tenants

As a result, rising property values often directly lead to higher rents.


6-2. Synergy with Wage Increases

Simultaneously, rising wages increase tenants’ ability to pay, further enabling landlords to pass on costs:

  • Payment capacity ↑ → room to raise rent ↑
  • Investors/landlords can increase rent more easily
  • Combined with higher interest costs, rental prices can spike

This is a clear example of the paradoxical effect of monetary policy on the real economy.


6-3. Who Ultimately Bears the Burden?

The final burden falls on those not investing:

  • Non-investing participants in the real economy (SMEs, lower- and middle-income households) face higher rent and loan burdens
  • Investing entities (financial institutions, large-scale property owners) enjoy stable returns
  • Overall, financial efficiency gains translate into higher living costs and deflationary sentiment

6-4. The Dilemma Between Interest Rate Policy and Real Estate

  • Theoretically, higher rates control inflation
  • In practice, they stabilize financial institutions and investors’ returns
  • Rising property prices are passed onto rent → real economy pressure

Thus, monetary policy intentions often diverge from reality, and policy does not directly support the real economy.


7. Summary: The Triangle Between Interest Rates, Monetary Policy, and Property Prices

  1. Rising interest rates → higher debt burden → investors pass costs onto rent
  2. Rising wages → greater ability to pay → easier cost pass-through
  3. Financial efficiency → banks secure stable earnings, real economy suffers
  4. Result: rising property values → higher rents → deflationary sentiment and increased living costs

💡 Notes:

  • Regional differences are significant: urban areas and investment-heavy locations see more pronounced rent pass-through
  • Policy alone has limits: combining monetary policy with tax, housing, and social security measures is essential

8. Bank Lending and Rising Interest Rates: Effects on Real Economy Growth

Higher interest rates increase debt repayment burdens for companies and individuals. However, a critical point is the paradoxical risk for banks actively supporting real economic growth.

8-1. Increasing Risks for Bank Lending

Banks that actively lend to businesses face the following risks when interest rates rise:

  • Delinquency risk → companies struggle to repay, increasing non-performing loans
  • Chain of reduced lending and investment → banks curb new lending → less capital flows to the real economy
  • Rising credit costs → higher provisions and risk costs for banks

Even if banks stabilize earnings, their core role of supporting business growth is constrained.


8-2. Gap Between Investing and Non-Investing Entities

The situation highlights disparities between entities based on investment activity:

  • Non-investing financial institutions / large capital holders → stable earnings, minimal burden on the real economy
  • Banks supporting businesses through lending → higher non-performing loans, risk of losses

Thus, the divergence between the nominal effect of policy (inflation control) and the burden on entities actually supporting the economy becomes clear.


8-3. Chain Effects in the Real Estate Market

The increased burden on bank lending also affects the real estate market:

  • Companies’ cash flow constraints → limited salaries and operational funds
  • Borrowing investors pass costs onto rent
  • Result: those supporting the real economy face double pressure from higher interest rates and higher rents

Again, the paradox of monetary policy becomes evident.


8-4. Summary: The Dilemma of Bank Lending and Interest Rate Hikes

  1. Rising interest rates → higher debt repayment burden → increased risk for bank lending
  2. Investing vs non-investing entities → growth-supporting banks bear the burden, non-investing entities remain stable
  3. Real estate chain effects → rent pass-through increases pressure on the real economy
  4. Outcome: monetary policy faces a structural dilemma between controlling inflation and supporting economic growth

💡 Notes:

  • This exemplifies how interest rate policy impacts capital allocation and growth opportunities
  • SMEs, growth-oriented banks, and households are most affected
  • Policy alone is insufficient → coordination with tax, social security, and housing policy is required

This is an analysis of structure and psychology, and it is not intended as criticism.

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